Normal home water pressure - If the home has a water pressure regulator, it will typically be installed immediately after the main shut off valve on the main water line. Why Your Toilet Flushes Slow—and How to …

 
The water pressure of household plumbing fixtures will generally vary between 20 pounds per square inch (PSI) and 125 PSI. The pressure of a plumbing fixture will depend on the typ.... Newborn family photoshoot

Low water pressure. We aim to provide 20 litres of water per minute at your water meter. The pressure and flow that you experience from your taps is dependent on lots of factors like the elevation of your property and your internal plumbing. If you have noticed your water pressure has changed, here are a few things you can do.Please keep in mind that water pressure normally fluctuates around 10 psi . If the water pressure in your neighborhood is found to be normal, then the pressure ...Step 2. Turn Off the Water Supply: Once you have located the shutoff valve, it is time to turn off the water supply. This will prevent any accidents from happening while fixing your water pressure. If the valve is difficult to turn, you can use the adjustable wrench to help. Step 3.Make sure the shutoff valves near the water meter are fully open. If the reading is low, the city may be delivering water at a low pressure (less than 40 psi) If your house is on city water, ask your local water department for a pressure reading. A reading of 45 to 55 psi is ideal. Family Handyman. Step 2.The Simer 3/4 HP Booster Pump is an effective way to increase your whole home water pressure. The pump runs automatically when the water pressure drops, and it on average will boost your water pressure about 35-40 psi. It comes with a 6-ft power cord so you can just plug it into a normal 120-volt outlet.Hypertension is characterized by high blood pressure, and it’s an important risk factor for heart disease. It’s a modifiable risk factor, which means you can make lifestyle changes...This will give you your flow rate in litres per minute (e.g. 0.8 litres x 10 = 8 litres per minute). If your flow rate is less than 10 litres per minute, you may have what is considered low water pressure. Anywhere between 10 and 15 litres per minute is acceptable but can be improved. A flow above 15 litres per minute is considered … Living in an older home without a pressure regulator valve, where one might be needed; Pressure Regulator Valves. Pressure regulator valves have been a standard part of new home construction since the 2000s, and are now required by the Universal Plumbing Code when the water pressure to a new development exceeds 80 pounds per square inch (psi). Residential water pressure should not exceed 80 pounds per square inch, or psi, and outdoor irrigation systems typically have a water pressure of 30 to 50 psi. Sometimes water is s...What is Normal Water Pressure for a House? Water pressure is measured in bars. One bar is the force you need to shoot water 10 metres up in the air. Water regulator, Ofwat, states that all water providers are required to provide water pressure of at least one bar. Good water pressure in your plumbing would …A water pressure of 90 psi is considered too high for residential plumbing systems. According to plumbing codes and industry standards, normal water pressure for a home should range between 30 and 80 PSI. Exceeding this range can result in several issues and may even violate local regulations.Jan 15, 2024 · Turn off all the faucets, valves, and water heater inlets. You’ll find a bolt and nut at the top of the regulator. Loosen the safety nut by moving it counterclockwise using a wrench. Now turn the bolt above to adjust the pressure. A clockwise turn raises the pressure by 2–5 psi, and the opposite turn reduces it. If your home water outlets (i.e. taps and showers) can deliver over 15 litres of water per minute, this is considered good water pressure. Between 10 and 15 ...Bathroom or kitchen faucet: 2.0-3.0 GPM. Dishwasher: 2.0-4.0 GPM. Washing machine: 3.0-5.0 GPM. Compare the flow rate you calculated at various faucets in your home to these standard measurements to determine whether your flow rate is low, normal, or high. Look on the main supply pipe near your water meter for a conical valve that has a bolt sticking out of the cone. To raise pressure, turn the bolt clockwise after loosening its locknut. Keep an eye on the gauge to make sure the pressure is within bounds, then retighten the locknut. If that adjustment doesn’t help, then the municipal pressure ... What Is Normal for Water Pressure? Most home plumbing fixtures are designed to work best at a pressure of about 50 psi (pounds per square inch), but it is not uncommon for municipal water supplies to …Water pressure should not be higher than 80 PSI. Anything higher can cause major appliances, including water heaters and toilets, to stop working properly because of the stress on plumbing and other parts. Having high pressure throughout your home can cause leaks, pipe damage, and wasted water. Here …A typical home will have water pressure between 40 and 80 PSI, although some areas can go even higher than that. For a general idea of what your water pressure is without doing any testing, you can simply call your local water department and ask them what the pressure is in your neighborhood. They will be able to give you an …According to Flotec, a manufacturer of water well and water pumping equipment, the water well pressure tank is a storage tank that prevents the well pump from turning on and shutti...Oct 16, 2022 · Twist the valve next to the spigot counterclockwise. This will allow water to flow through the spigot and will give you a reading on your pressure gauge. [2] 5. Read the measurement on the gauge. The needle on the gauge should move to a number that represents your water pressure in pounds per square inch or PSI. Nov 25, 2019 ... For high water pressure, you will need to refer to a water pressure gauge . Ideally, your home water pressure should not exceed 60psi . How do I ...Water pressure. Water meter. Parts of Christchurch operate at an extremely high pressure of over 70 metres compared to more optimal water pressure ranges of 30 to 40 metres in other parts of the city. Pressure management is pursued as part of Council’s commitment to conserve water and to protect the investment in water …Jan 31, 2023 ... This pressure – or force – determines the water flow you get out of your taps. If the pressure is too high, your tap, toilets, plumbing pipes, ...Oct 17, 2023 · However, if the pressure regulator is set to about 50 psi, but the water pressure throughout the home is lower than this setting, then it could indicate that the pressure regulator is failing. Contact a plumber to replace the faulty regulator and restore normal water pressure to the home. What causes the loud banging noise in my home's pipes? For example, when I turn off the faucet I hear it. Is there a way to prevent it? Advertisement The problem you are describing... Pressure is the force that pushes water through pipes. Water pressure determines the flow of water from the tap. The amount of pressure at your tap can depend on how high the service reservoir or water tower is above your home, or on how much water other customers are using. The height of your property can also affect your water pressure ... Dec 18, 2023 · What Is Normal for Water Pressure? Most home plumbing fixtures are designed to work best at a pressure of about 50 psi (pounds per square inch), but it is not uncommon for municipal water supplies to enter the home with pressures as high as 150 or 200 psi. If such high pressure is present on a regular basis, the strain can eventually cause ... First things first: Contact your neighbors to see if they are experiencing similar problems with their water pressure. If they are, the issue may be with the city’s municipal water system. Just ...Normal eye pressure is between 12 and 22 millimeters of mercury, state the Glaucoma Research Foundation. The method of measuring eye pressure is called tonometry and is done with a...Hypertension is characterized by high blood pressure, and it’s an important risk factor for heart disease. It’s a modifiable risk factor, which means you can make lifestyle changes...Oct 7, 2020 · To use the pressure gauge, attach it to a faucet with the water turned off. Make sure the gauge reads 0 psi before you turn on the water. Turn the water on and see where the needle on the gauge goes to. If it’s above 80 psi, you probably need to lower your water pressure. There are several less scientific ways to see if you have high water ... water pressure of at least 200 kPa; a water flow rate of at least 25 litres per minute at your meter (based on 15mm residential water meter). Are you on ...A typical home will have water pressure between 40 and 80 PSI, although some areas can go even higher than that. For a general idea of what your water pressure is without doing any testing, you can simply call your local water department and ask them what the pressure is in your neighborhood. They will be able to give you an …Although the municipality is not allowed to give you water at a higher pressure than 900kPa, they are ‘covered’ by the fact that they do not have to guarantee a specific pressure. On the one hand it is a problem, but on the other hand one must be thankful to have water, even at a non-guaranteed pressure. I …Step 1: Gather Your Tools & Equipment. Start by gathering what you’ll need for testing water pressure. You will need: A water pressure gauge. A rag. A wrench. You can buy a water …What Is the Optimal Water Pressure for Homes? Anything between 30 and 80 psi is considered normal for a standard home, although 30 is considered annoyingly low by many homeowners. Since low water pressure can be a bother and high water pressure can cause damage to your pipes, maintaining a psi between 60 and 70 is …The typical residential water flow rate for small households is between 6-12 gallons per minute, so unless you plan to add extra kitchens, bathrooms, or laundry ...A water pressure gauge is a tool to get accurate results for your home's water pressure. Once you install it to the pressure regulator, see if the pressure is ...When the pressure in the system rises to the preset high setting the pump will turn off (commonly known as the cut-off pressure). For example, at 40/60 the pump will turn on when system pressure reaches 40 psi (pounds per square inch) and turn off when system pressure reaches 60 psi. The common settings are either 30/50 or 40/60.Regulators are the responsibility of the property owner. If you experience a water pressure problem, you can request the water pressure in your area be checked by calling 619-515-3525. A City Public Utilities crew member will test the water pressure at the nearest fire hydrant to your home, and the findings will be …Water pressure. We want all our customers to enjoy a consistent, good flow of water when you turn on your taps. But sometimes the pressure in your pipes can be too high, sometimes too low. In both circumstances, this can potentially cause problems. Managing the pressure in your water pipes in a sustainable way is crucial to …Fixing low hot water pressure can be done in a few simple steps. First, check the water shutoff valve to ensure it is fully open. Next, clean or replace the aerator or showerhead, which can become clogged with mineral deposits or debris over time. Suppose these steps do not improve the hot water pressure. In that … Checking your home’s water pressure is a simple way to avoid costly water damage. Water pressure is measured in psi, or pounds per square inch, and represents the force at which water enters your home from the water main. Normal psi for a home pipe system is between 30 and 80 psi. While you don’t want the psi to be too low, it violates code ... In this study, the team found that Surrey students enjoying high-pressure showers and visible timers used about 17 litres of water on average.If you are experiencing low water pressure throughout your home, please contact Austin Water’s 24/7 Emergency Dispatch, at 512-972-1000. If you are experiencing low water pressure at a single faucet in your home, contact a licensed plumber. Water Pressure for Austin Water Customers The City regulates system-wide pressure through water ... 3. Measure Water Pressure. Tighten the gauge by hand and open the faucet all the way. Look at the gauge to determine the pressure. An ideal reading is between 45 and 55 psi. If the pressure is below 40 psi or above 80 psi, you should take action. For the standard home, a typical GPM looks something like this: Kitchen faucet: 2-3 GPM. Shower: 1.5-3 GPM. Dishwasher: 2-4 GPM. Washing machine: 3-5 GPM. If those average flow rates are correct, running all those faucets at the same time would result in a pressure drop. The dynamic fire sprinkler system pressure for a residential sprinkler system is measured at a given flow of water typically, around 120 litres per minute (LPM) for a category 1 or 2 system and 240 litres/minute for a category 3 system. It is important to understand that these figures are irrelevant without knowing what the dynamic pressure ... Measuring the pressure of the water in your pipes is an important step in ensuring the plumbing system is running smoothly. To measure it, you’ll need a pressure gauge. It’s a simple device that screws into a faucet or tap, and shows the pressure of the water on a dial. The ideal water pressure is between 45 and 55 pounds per square …Water pressure should not be higher than 80 PSI. Anything higher can cause major appliances, including water heaters and toilets, to stop working properly because of the stress on plumbing and other parts. Having high pressure throughout your home can cause leaks, pipe damage, and wasted water. Here …A water pressure gauge is a tool to get accurate results for your home's water pressure. Once you install it to the pressure regulator, see if the pressure is ...Water pressure in a metric system increases linearly with depth or height. For every meter of depth or height, there is an additional pressure of approximately 9.81 kilopascals (kPa). This relationship allows us to calculate water pressure at various depths or heights using the formula: Pressure (kPa) = Depth …Feb 12, 2018 · When the pressure in the system rises to the preset high setting the pump will turn off (commonly known as the cut-off pressure). For example, at 40/60 the pump will turn on when system pressure reaches 40 psi (pounds per square inch) and turn off when system pressure reaches 60 psi. The common settings are either 30/50 or 40/60. The dynamic fire sprinkler system pressure for a residential sprinkler system is measured at a given flow of water typically, around 120 litres per minute (LPM) for a category 1 or 2 system and 240 litres/minute for a category 3 system. It is important to understand that these figures are irrelevant without knowing what the dynamic …The acceptable inlet water pressure must have a range between 40 to 45 psi. This is to ensure that the water flow can serve all the points of use, like faucets, showers, or water closets. That’s why you people like water filters that do not reduce water pressure like the Home Master HMF3SDGFEC.Take a reading from the gauge’s dial. Normal water pressure is between 40 and 50 PSI. Take several readings throughout the day. Make a note of the pressure readings. If your water pressure exceeds 60 PSI at any point in the day, you may need to install a pressure regulator. Step 3: Replace Or Repair Failing PartsHigh pressure water systems offer the flexibility of being suitable for use with most taps, so you shouldn’t need to calculate your water pressure when buying new taps. Pressures can vary depending on your boiler, but the typical pressure expectation is between 1 and 2 bar. Below is an example of a combi boiler system:Pressure is the force that pushes water through pipes. Water pressure determines the flow of water from the tap. The amount of pressure at your tap can depend on how high the service reservoir or water tower is above your home, or on how much water other customers are using. The height of your property can also affect your water pressure ...Water pressure. We want all our customers to enjoy a consistent, good flow of water when you turn on your taps. But sometimes the pressure in your pipes can be too high, sometimes too low. In both circumstances, this can potentially cause problems. Managing the pressure in your water pipes in a sustainable way is crucial to …Low water pressure. We aim to provide 20 litres of water per minute at your water meter. The pressure and flow that you experience from your taps is dependent on lots of factors like the elevation of your property and your internal plumbing. If you have noticed your water pressure has changed, here are a few things you can do.What Is the Normal PSI for House Water? According to the International Code Council, the static water pressure for a home should not be greater than 80 psi.This is also the pressure limit set by most municipal water suppliers. If the static water pressure in your home exceeds 80 psi, an approved pressure-reducing valve conforming to ASSE 1003 …Installing a pressure-reducing valve (pressure regulator) can reduce water pressure to a desirable range of 50 to 60 PSI for inside use. To keep the desirable higher pressure for outdoor hose bibs and sprinkler use, install the pressure regulator downstream from them. The regulator is installed and maintained by the …Dec 15, 2021 · Step 3: Turn on the faucet. Turn on the outdoor faucet completely. The dial will show you the water pressure in psi. Look for a measurement between 45 and 80 for optimal home use. If it measures near or over 80 psi, take steps to decrease the pressure immediately to prevent damaging strain on the plumbing. Nov 28, 2022 ... Learn how to measure your home's water pressure using an inexpensive water pressure ... ✓ Test to see your house has a normal water PSI!To Check your Pressure Tank. Turn of the power to your well. Open a faucet or spigot and let the psi push all the water out. Use a tire pressure gauge or pressure gauge with a Schrader valve to check the psi. The pressure should read with 2 psi of the low point, above or below, this is normal well water pressure.Pre-pressurize the tank. Most expansion tanks come pressurized to 12 – 40 psi, but before you install the tank you have to match the system pressure. Start by removing the protective cover from the air valve on the tank. Use a tire gauge to check the pressure. Use a bicycle pump, or compressor, to fill the tank to match … Water suppliers’ statutory service standard level of mains water pressure is 10 metres/head (or one bar). This means there is enough force/pressure to push the water to a height of 10m. This is measured at the point where the water leaves the water suppliers’ pipework and enters yours (usually the outside stop valve or property boundary). Oct 11, 2013 ... Pressure Gauge: http://amzn.to/2esWlGw Watch the entire process and know your local codes and pressure recommendations before adjusting your ...A water pressure gauge is a tool to get accurate results for your home's water pressure. Once you install it to the pressure regulator, see if the pressure is ...What is 'normal' water pressure? ... Pressure is measured in kilopascals (kPa). Your water pressure will usually be between 150kPa and 500kPa. Often, home ... Measuring your water flow at home. We aim to provide a minimum of approximately 27 litres of water per minute at your water meter. You can test your water flow rate by following these steps: Turn off all taps and water-using devices such as washing machines or dishwashers. Locate your water meter and open the lid. Jan 15, 2024 · Turn off all the faucets, valves, and water heater inlets. You’ll find a bolt and nut at the top of the regulator. Loosen the safety nut by moving it counterclockwise using a wrench. Now turn the bolt above to adjust the pressure. A clockwise turn raises the pressure by 2–5 psi, and the opposite turn reduces it. Step 3. Insert a screwdriver into the top screw. Turn the screw clockwise to increase water pressure or counterclockwise to decrease water pressure in your home. Test the water pressure in the area of the home that you want to adjust. Make small, incremental adjustments and test the water pressure after each one to obtain the …Jan 31, 2020 ... By law, your water supplier must be able to supply a statutory minimum of 1 bar of normal mains water pressure to your home. This can be ...Find Yarra Valley Water on LinkedIn. Contact us. Report a fault. We proudly acknowledge the Traditional Owners/Custodians of the land on which we work and live, and pay respect to their Elders past and present. We recognise and value the continuing rich culture and the contribution of Aboriginal people and communities …Water leaking from a pipe can cost thousands of dollars in damage repairs. 2. Drain and Flush the Water Heater. Problems associated with water heaters are the main reason why the pressure of hot water in the house would be low while that of the cold water is just fine. 3. Measure Water Pressure. Tighten the gauge by hand and open the faucet all the way. Look at the gauge to determine the pressure. An ideal reading is between 45 and 55 psi. If the pressure is below 40 psi or above 80 psi, you should take action. If your hot water pressure is low, but the cold water pressure is fine, it could be that the hot water heaters’ shut off valve is partially closed. Inspect the tank and the valve to see if it is completely open. If that is not the case, it could be a clogged line coming from the hot water tank that has had build-up or corrosion. Checking your home’s water pressure is a simple way to avoid costly water damage. Water pressure is measured in psi, or pounds per square inch, and represents the force at which water enters your home from the water main. Normal psi for a home pipe system is between 30 and 80 psi. While you don’t want the psi to be too low, it violates code ... Jan 15, 2024 · Turn off all the faucets, valves, and water heater inlets. You’ll find a bolt and nut at the top of the regulator. Loosen the safety nut by moving it counterclockwise using a wrench. Now turn the bolt above to adjust the pressure. A clockwise turn raises the pressure by 2–5 psi, and the opposite turn reduces it. What is 'normal' water pressure? ... Pressure is measured in kilopascals (kPa). Your water pressure will usually be between 150kPa and 500kPa. Often, home ...At different pressures, the sprinkler head and nozzle will consume different amounts of water. For example, at 35 pounds per square inch (PSI) the 5000 Series Rotor using the 3.0 nozzle will use 3.11 gallons per minute (GPM). If your home's water capacity was 10 GPM, you could place 3 heads per zone.Turn on the faucet all the way and observe the pressure gauge to determine if your home has a standard water pressure between 40 – 80 psi. To test your home’s water pressure without a pressure gauge, go to a bathroom in your home and turn on the sink and the shower. Wait for a satisfactory water temperature in the shower, then flush …Jan 31, 2020 ... By law, your water supplier must be able to supply a statutory minimum of 1 bar of normal mains water pressure to your home. This can be ...There could be several reasons. A faulty water pressure regulator, a high-pressure supply from the municipality, low flow shower head restrictor misalignment, trapped air in the water pipe, water hammer, etc., could be the primary reasons. Generally, the residential water supply system is designed with …Sep 26, 2016 ... For most houses, 80 psi (pounds per square inch) is about right. If the water pressure is over 100 psi, that's too much. This increase in ...The Simer 3/4 HP Booster Pump is an effective way to increase your whole home water pressure. The pump runs automatically when the water pressure drops, and it on average will boost your water pressure about 35-40 psi. It comes with a 6-ft power cord so you can just plug it into a normal 120-volt outlet.Pressuring washing siding can cost $1 to $2.25 per linear foot. Costs per linear foot rise as the number of stories on a house increase. Most pressure washers will have a minimum fee of around ...Water pressure is created by the physical weight ... In certain zones, water may even be pumped uphill to your home. Normally, tanks fill at night when water use ...Homeowners often notice low water pressure when it affects their household fixtures like weak showerheads and faucets, but high water pressure can often be overlooked. Not only is high water pressure less noticeable to the eye than low water pressure, but it is far more costly if it persists over time. A water …

Installing a pressure-reducing valve (pressure regulator) can reduce water pressure to a desirable range of 50 to 60 PSI for inside use. To keep the desirable higher pressure for outdoor hose bibs and sprinkler use, install the pressure regulator downstream from them. The regulator is installed and maintained by the …. Multithreading in python

normal home water pressure

First things first: Contact your neighbors to see if they are experiencing similar problems with their water pressure. If they are, the issue may be with the city’s municipal water system. Just ...Homeowners often notice low water pressure when it affects their household fixtures like weak showerheads and faucets, but high water pressure can often be overlooked. Not only is high water pressure less noticeable to the eye than low water pressure, but it is far more costly if it persists over time. A water …Remember, a pressure reading of 40-60 PSI is generally considered normal for a well water system. Note: You can follow the same process to measure the pressure from the well pump, but choose a …Most small households in America have an average water flow rate of around6 to 12 gallons per minute (GPM). It’s difficult to determine a daily flow rate per household, as it depends on factors such as the number of people in your household, the newness of your plumbing and appliances, the amount of water … See more 65 PSI is not the maximum household water pressure because the maximum water pressure is 80 PSI. 65-psi is an ideal measure of water pressure for a home. The majority of the homeowners are using a maximum of 65-PSI for their homes. Furthermore, a 65 PSI water pressure for the home is enough to create the perfect pressure. Oct 11, 2013 ... Pressure Gauge: http://amzn.to/2esWlGw Watch the entire process and know your local codes and pressure recommendations before adjusting your ...Step 3. Insert a screwdriver into the top screw. Turn the screw clockwise to increase water pressure or counterclockwise to decrease water pressure in your home. Test the water pressure in the area of the home that you want to adjust. Make small, incremental adjustments and test the water pressure after each one to obtain the …1. The tank needs to be pressurized to match the house line pressure. Do not leave it at 25 psi. The air acts as a spring; as the bladder fills, the air compresses and the pressure rises until it equalizes with the line pressure. At 25 psi, your tank may be half full (just as an example) which leaves two issues.Mar 22, 2023 · A water pressure of 90 psi is considered too high for residential plumbing systems. According to plumbing codes and industry standards, normal water pressure for a home should range between 30 and 80 PSI. Exceeding this range can result in several issues and may even violate local regulations. This will give you your flow rate in litres per minute (e.g. 0.8 litres x 10 = 8 litres per minute). If your flow rate is less than 10 litres per minute, you may have what is considered low water pressure. Anywhere between 10 and 15 litres per minute is acceptable but can be improved. A flow above 15 litres per minute is considered … Living in an older home without a pressure regulator valve, where one might be needed; Pressure Regulator Valves. Pressure regulator valves have been a standard part of new home construction since the 2000s, and are now required by the Universal Plumbing Code when the water pressure to a new development exceeds 80 pounds per square inch (psi). Veins carry blood back to the heart from the tissues. Blood flowing in the veins is under lower pressure and moves more slowly than blood flowing in the arteries. Blood is therefor...A water pressure of 90 psi is considered too high for residential plumbing systems. According to plumbing codes and industry standards, normal water pressure for a home should range between 30 and 80 PSI. Exceeding this range can result in several issues and may even violate local regulations.Jul 12, 2019 · A knocking, banging or hammering noise coming from the pipes when you turn on a faucet in the house (this is known as a “water hammer”). Leaky faucets. Irregular water pressure in your showers and sinks, or water that comes out in spurts. Water-using appliances that fail prematurely, such as a water heater, clothes washing machine or a ... So in your house, if there is an argument about the right water pressure, one way to reach an agreement in to determine the water pressure in a measurable way. Generally, the water pressure in every house ranges from 40 to 60 PSI but most homeowners prefer a pressure around 50 PSI.Nov 25, 2019 ... For high water pressure, you will need to refer to a water pressure gauge . Ideally, your home water pressure should not exceed 60psi . How do I ...A normal residential water pressure range is 45-80 psi, which means pounds per square inch. Water pressure under 40 psi is low, and under 30 is considered very low. Most building codes require a minimum water pressure of at least 20 psi. Water pressure above 80 psi is too high, and can damage pipes, joints, seals, and fixtures.Low water pressure. We aim to provide 20 litres of water per minute at your water meter. The pressure and flow that you experience from your taps is dependent on lots of factors like the elevation of your property and your internal plumbing. If you have noticed your water pressure has changed, here are a few things you can do.Water pressure on the city side is typically higher than what the consumers (toilet, shower, sinks, etc.) in your house are designed to handle (typically 50-60 psi). When the pressure regulator starts failing it will bleed pressure from the city side into your house lines causing higher than normal water pressure due to a failing …Find Yarra Valley Water on LinkedIn. Contact us. Report a fault. We proudly acknowledge the Traditional Owners/Custodians of the land on which we work and live, and pay respect to their Elders past and present. We recognise and value the continuing rich culture and the contribution of Aboriginal people and communities ….

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